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  <h1 class="h11">02 静坐的方法</h1>
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<div class="articleContent" id="articleContent"> <p>至于问到静坐的方法有多少种的问题，据我所知，只有一桩--静坐。如果要说静坐的姿态有多少种？那么，它大约有９６种之多。可是所有方法的共通目的，都是在求“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”。那么“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”便是道吗？否则，何以必须要求“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”呢？这是两个问题，同时，也是两个不同的观念，包括三个要点，不可混为一谈。</p><p>（一）静与动，是两个对立的名词，这两个对立名词的观念，大而言之，是表示自然界物理现象中两种对立的状态，小而言之，它是指人生的活动与静止、行动与休息的两种状态。道非动静，动与静，都是道的功用。道在一动一静之间，亦可以说便在动静之中。所以认为“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”便是道，那就大有问题。</p><p>（二）求“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”，那是养生与修道的必然方法，也可以说是基本的方法。在养生（包括要求健康长寿--长生不老）方面来说：一切生命功能的泉源，都从“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”中生长，那是自然的功用。在自然界中，任何动物、植物、矿物的成长，都从“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”中充沛它生命的功能。尤其是植物--一朵花、一粒谷子、麦子等等的种子，都在静态中成长，在动态中凋谢。人的生命，经常与活动对等的便是休息。睡眠，是人需要休息的一种惯性姿态，人生往复不绝的生命动能，也都靠充分的休息而得到日新又新的生机。</p><p>所以老子说：“<span class="qiangdiao1">夫物芸芸，各复归其根，归根曰静，是谓复命。</span>”“<span class="qiangdiao1">静为躁君。</span>”以及后来所出的道家《清静经》等道理，乃至曾子著《大学》，以“<span class="qiangdiao1">知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。</span>”等等观念，都是观察自然的结果，效法自然的法则而作此说。甚至，佛家的禅定（中国后期佛学，又译为静虑）也不例外。</p><p>（三）在精神状态而言，静是培养接近于先天“<span class="qiangdiao1">智慧</span>”的温床。人类的知识，都从后天生命的本能，利用聪明，动脑筋而来。“<span class="qiangdiao1">智慧</span>”，是从“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”中的灵光一现而得。所以佛家戒、定、慧的三无漏学，也是以静虑--“<span class="qiangdiao1">禅定</span>”为中心，然后达到“<span class="qiangdiao1">般若</span>”智慧的成就。</p><p>那么，用什么方法去求“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”呢？这是一个非常可笑的问题，而人们都是那样轻易地问出来。“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”便是“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”，用心去求“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”，求“<span class="qiangdiao1">静</span>”又加上方法，那岂不是愈来愈多一番动乱吗？若在禅宗来说，便可直截了当地答：“<span class="qiangdiao1">君心正在闹，且自休去。</span>”这样说来，“<span class="qiangdiao1">求静</span>”根本便错了，或者说：“<span class="qiangdiao1">可以不必求静</span>”啰！那也未必尽然。不必陈义太高，但卑之而毋高论地说，一般人的心理和生理状态，经常习惯于动态；在心理方面，如意识、思想、知觉、情感等，好比多头的瀑布、澎湃的江河。真有“<span class="qiangdiao1">无尽长江滚滚来</span>”的趋势；在生理方面，血液的通行、神经的感受、气息的运行，时时刻刻都会发生苦乐的感受，尤其在静坐的时候，如果身体早已潜伏有病根，它可能会发生酸、痛、冷、热、痒等感觉，比起不静的时候还要强烈。“<span class="qiangdiao1">树欲静而风不止</span>”，心欲静而动乱愈多，所以一般初学静坐的人，往往发现自己的思虑营营，非常杂乱，甚至，比起不静坐的时候，反而更加烦燥、不安；因而更加恐慌，认为自己不应该“<span class="qiangdiao1">静坐</span>”，或者加上武侠小说与民俗神话等的传说，恐怕“<span class="qiangdiao1">静坐</span>”会“<span class="qiangdiao1">走火入魔</span>”。其实，这都是不明道理，自己头上安头，错加误会，构成心理上的陰影。</p> </div>
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